confirm: implies the removing of doubts by an authoritative statement or indisputable fact: ~ed reports of troop movements.


corroborate: suggests the strengthening of evidence that is already partly established or accepted: witnesses ~ his story.


substantiate: implies the offering of evidence that demonstrates or proves a contention: claims that have yet to be ~d. (demonstrate演示：以行动动作去展示证明)  (contention论点: 议论中的论点观点，正式)


verify: implies the establishment of correspondence of actual facts or details with those proposed or guessed at:  all statements of fact in the article have been ~ied.


authenticate: implies establishing genuineness by adducing legal or official documents or expert opinion : handwriting experts have ~ the diaries. (adduce引证：引用以证明We can adduce export opinion to support the claim我们能引证专家观点支持该说法  )


validate: implies establishing validity by authoritative affirmation or certification OR factual proof: to ~ a passport.  注意不要错写成validify (valid有效合理: 符合客观事实或公认权威supported by objective truth or generally accepted authority: absences will be excused for valid reasons确有合理理由允许缺席) （affirm: 断言,语气强: affirmed the existence of an afterlife断言有来世） (certificate: 通过证书证明)


confirm证实: 发声明或摆事实以消除怀疑，corroborate也是证实:  进一步加强已部分接受的证据，substantiate也是证实: 表示提供证据来证明演示其论点，verify核实: 确立事实(actual facts and details事实细节)和论点(thosed proposed or guessed at提议猜测)之间的呼应(correspondence) ，  authenticate鉴定: 确立真实性，引证正式法律文件或专家意见，validate认定有效: 确立有效性，由权威认定认证或事实证明。


记忆方法: 1）首字母CCSVAV写成VC AS VC，维生素C是维生素C<==用疗效证实  


         2）证实的意思是证明真实有效mean to attest to the truth or validity of something.     (attest to: 需宣誓的正式证明Police records attest to his long history of violence警方记录证明他长期暴力前科)